Issue |
Silva Lusitana
Volume 32, Number 1, 2024
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Page(s) | 33 - 60 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/silu/20243201033 | |
Published online | 01 July 2024 |
Avaliação de diferentes técnicas de preparação de terreno na instalação de povoamentos de eucalipto
Evaluation of different soil tillage techniques in eucalyptus stands establishment
L'évaluation de différents systèmes de préparation du sol sur la croissance de l'eucalyptus
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto “Instalação eficiente de povoamentos de eucalipto” com o objetivo de estudar alternativas de mobilização do solo ajustadas à escala da propriedade (minifúndio dominante no Centro/Norte do país), associadas a menor intervenção e impacto ambiental. Foram consideradas para comparação algumas técnicas de mobilização utilizadas em propriedades de maior dimensão. Instalaram-se 4 ensaios na região Centro (três em Cantanhede e um em Mortágua; cada um com 65 a 270 plantas, considerando 3 repetições). A rearborização com eucalipto implicou em todos os casos destroçamento de cepos com enxó. O tratamento convencional - “Operacional” consistiu numa gradagem contínua seguida de ripagem. Em Cantanhede foram colocados dois tratamentos a teste: T1 ripagem (tri-riper) e T2 coveamento (com enxó) para plantação entre cepos. Em Mortágua, devido à dimensão das varas, diferentes opções de gestão de sobrantes foram testadas. O tratamento “Operacional”, com a incorporação de sobrantes durante a gradagem, foi comparado com os tratamentos teste “TA” e “TB”, ambos sem gradagem e, ainda, sem vs. com remoção de sobrantes, respetivamente. Nos tratamentos “TA e TB” testou-se a ripagem na linha (ripado) vs. coveamento na linha de plantação (coveado). Em Mortágua, comparou-se ainda com a construção de terraços, técnica generalizada na região, dada a orografia com declive acentuado. Ao fim de um ano, nos 4 ensaios, os tratamentos em teste não diferiram significativamente do operacional no tocante à taxa de sobrevivência. Mas, em Cantanhede (nos 3 ensaios), o tratamento operacional apresentou um acréscimo em altura significativamente superior aos tratamentos teste. O acréscimo em altura mostrou variar numa razão direta com os teores em matéria orgânica do solo e potássio. Ao fim de 3 anos, o volume médio/árvore não mostrou diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos (Operacional vs. Teste), em 2 ensaios em Cantanhede, mantendo-se significativamente superior no outro ensaio. Em Mortágua a altura média superior foi de 2,75±0,06m (1 ano) em terraços (tratamento com maior mobilização do solo), mas, sem diferenças significativas para o TA-coveado (alinhamento de resíduos na entrelinha e coveamento na linha). No âmbito do projeto tenciona-se dar continuidade à monitorização dos ensaios no sentido de corroborar os resultados do presente estudo obtidos na fase inicial do ciclo de crescimento do povoamento, altura em que as técnicas de preparação do terreno terão, previsivelmente, maior impacte.
Abstract
This work was developed within the scope of the project “Efficient establishment of eucalyptus stands” with the aim of studying soil mobilization alternatives adjusted to the scale of the property (dominant smallholding in the center/north of the country), associated with less intervention and environmental impact, compared to mobilization using machinery used on larger properties. Four trials were established in the central region (three in Cantanhede and one in Mortágua; with 65 to 270 plants, in 3 replications). In all cases, reforestation with eucalyptus involved the stump breaking with an adze. The conventional treatment - “Operational” consisted of continuous harrowing and ripping. In Cantanhede, two test treatments were carried out: T1 ripping (tririper) and T2 digging (with adze) for planting between stumps. In Mortágua, due to the size of the standing wood sticks, different management options for woody residues were tested. The “Operational” treatment, with incorporation of woody residues during the harrowing, was compared to “TA and TB” treatments, both without the harrowing, and without/“TA” and with/“TB” removal of woody residues. In “TA and TB” treatments, ripping in the line (ripped) vs. digging in the planting line (digging) were tested. In Mortágua, it was also compared to the construction of terraces, a widespread technique in the region. After one year, in the 4 trials, the Test treatments did not differ significantly from the Operational one in terms of survival rate. However, in Cantanhede (in the 3 tests), the Operational treatment showed an increase in height significantly greater than the Test treatments. The increase in height showed to vary in direct proportion to the soil organic matter and potassium contents. After 3 years, the average volume/tree showed no significant differences between treatments (Operational vs. Test), in two trials in Cantanhede, remaining significantly higher in the 3rd trial. In Mortágua the highest average height (1 year) was 2.75±0.06m in Terraces (treatment with greater environmental impact), but without significant differences to TA-digging (alignment of woody residues between lines and digging in the planting line). Within the scope of the project, it is intended to continue monitoring the tests to corroborate the results of the present study obtained in the initial phase of the growth cycle, when land preparation techniques will predictably have a greater impact.
Résumé
Ce travail a été développé dans le cadre du projet «Installation efficace de peuplements d'eucalyptus» pour étudier des alternatives de mobilisation des sols adaptées à l'échelle du territoire (petite exploitation, dominante au centre/nord du pays), associées à une intervention inferieur et un impact environnemental plus faible, par rapport à la mobilisation utilisée sur des propriétés plus grandes. Quatre essais ont été installés dans la région centrale (trois à Cantanhede et un à Mortágua, avec 65 à 270 plantes, en 3 répétitions). Dans tous les cas, le reboisement d'eucalyptus a impliqué la destruction des souches avec une herminette. Le traitement conventionnel / « Opérationnel » consistait en un continue hersage et un défonçage. À Cantanhede, deux traitements Tests ont été réalisés, défonçage T1 (tririper) et creusement T2 (avec herminette) pour la plantation entre les souches. À Mortágua, en raison de la taille des rejets ligneuses des souches, différentes options de gestion de résidus forestiers ont été testées. Le traitement « Opérationnel », avec incorporation de résidus forestiers lors du hersage, a été comparé aux traitements Tests « TA et TB », soit sans hersage, soit sans/« TA » vs. avec/« TB » élimination des résidus ligneux. Dans les traitements «TA et TB», pour la mobilisation du sol, défonçage à la ligne (ripped) vs creusement pour la plantation (creusement) ont été essaies. À Mortágua, la construction de terrasses, une technique répandue dans la région a été également comparée. Après un an, dans les 4 essais, les traitements Test ne différaient pas significativement de l’Opérationnel en termes de taux de survie. Cependant, à Cantanhede (dans les 3 essais), le traitement Opérationnel a montré une croissance de hauteur significativement supérieure à celle des traitements Test. Il a été démontré que la croissance de la hauteur variait en proportion directe avec la matière organique du sol et le potassium. Après 3 ans, le volume moyen/arbre n'a montré aucune différence significative entre les traitements (Opérationnel vs Test), dans deux essais à Cantanhede, restant l’Opérationnel significativement plus élevé dans le 3ème essai. À Mortágua, la hauteur moyenne supérieure (1 an) était de 2,75 ± 0,06 m à Terrasses (traitement avec un plus grand impact environnemental), mais sans différences significatives dans le creusement TA (alignement des résidus entre les rangées et creusement pour la plantation). Dans le cadre du projet, il est prévu de poursuivre le suivi des tests afin de corroborer les résultats de la présente étude obtenus dans la phase initiale du cycle de croissance, lorsque les techniques de préparation du terrain auront, comme on peut s'y attendre, un plus grand impact.
Palavras-chave: minifúndio / mobilização do solo / sobrevivência / volume médio / plantação florestal
Key words: smallholding / soil preparation systems / survival / average volume / forest plantation
Mots clés : petite exploitation / mobilisation du sol / survie / volume moyen / plantation forestière
© INIAV, Oeiras, Portugal 2024
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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